《百炼成钢:中国共产党的100年》第二十八集 土地改革
作者:武汉党史网管理员 发布时间:2021-05-08 来源:本站原创
这是1950年5月,时任中央人民政府副主席的刘少奇写给在湖南老家的姐姐刘绍懿的一封信。
刘绍懿在土地改革中被定为地主,写信给弟弟希望能够得到帮助。刘少奇接信后,没有利用职权为姐姐说话,而是回了这封信给她,详细解释新中国的土地改革政策,教育她告别封建剥削生活,自力更生。
刘少奇在信中这样写道:“你家过去主要是靠收租吃饭的,是别人养活你们的,所以你应该感谢那些送租给你们、养活你们的作田人。你们以后应该劳动,自己作田,否则,你们就没有饭吃……我当了中央人民政府的副主席,你们在乡下种田吃饭,那就是我的光荣。如果我当了副主席,你们还在乡下收租吃饭,或者不劳而获,那才是我的耻辱。”
此时,轰轰烈烈的全国性废除封建土地制度的改革正在拉开序幕。
在漫长的岁月里,这样的画面成了旧中国农民苦难生活的典型写照。他们祖祖辈辈在土里刨食,梦寐以求能够拥有一块属于自己的土地。然而,广大农村中70%至80%的土地掌握在占农村人口不过 10%的地主、富农手里,贫雇农和大多数中农终年辛勤劳作仍难以维持生计。
中国共产党在领导新民主主义革命的历程中,始终把解决农民的土地问题作为中国革命的根本问题。
1947年10 月,中共中央通过了具有划时代意义的《中国土地法大纲》,明确规定废除封建性及半封建性剥削的土地制度,实行耕者有其田的土地制度。到1949年6 月,解放区 2.7 亿人口中,有 1.51 亿人口的地区完成了土改,有 1 亿农民分到了大约 3.75 亿亩的土地,同时还分到了从地主阶级手中没收的粮食、住房、衣物、农具、牲畜等财产,广大贫苦农民的生产生活条件迅速得到显著改善。
在开国大典欢庆的人群里,这些农民发自内心的喜悦被永久地记录下来。根据当年的人口统计,新中国成立之初全国 5.4 亿总人口中,有将近 5 亿生活在农村,而拥有 2 亿多人口的广大新解放区尚未进行土地改革。因此,继续推进土地改革成为新中国成立初期最重要的经济政策之一。
1950 年 6 月30日,中央人民政府主席毛泽东签署命令,公布施行由刘少奇主持制定的《中华人民共和国土地改革法》。《土地改革法》总结了党过去领导土地改革的经验和教训,又适应新中国成立后的新形势确定了新政策,提出保存富农经济,不动中农土地,限制没收地主财产范围等,以保护中农和分化地主阶级,减少土地改革阻力,促进生产的恢复和发展。
从 1950 年秋天起,土地改革在广大新解放区全面展开。派往农村的土改工作队队员每年达30万人以上——机关干部、广大知识分子和许多民主党派成员都报名参加土改工作团,以巨大热情投入到这场轰轰烈烈的伟大斗争中。
没收地主的土地、耕畜、农具、多余的粮食及其在农村中多余的房屋,统一地公平合理地分配给无地、少地及缺乏其他生产资料的贫苦农民所有。从前一无所有的贫雇农,他们把土地证当做宝贝,一直珍藏下来。
到 1952 年底,除部分少数民族地区外,中国大陆的土地改革基本完成。包括老解放区在内,全国近 3亿无地或少地的农民分得了约 7 亿亩土地,免除了每年向地主缴纳的3000万吨以上的粮食的地租。农民生产积极性空前提高,农村到处是一派兴旺气象。
同1949年相比,1952年粮食产量增长44.8%,棉花增长193%,油料增长64%。
分到田地的农民在地桩上写下这样的诗句:“春雷一声平地起,斗倒地主分田地。农民翻身心欢喜,感谢恩人毛主席。”
土地改革的完成,标志着在我国延续两千多年的封建制度的基础——地主阶级的土地所有制至此彻底消灭了,农民真正成为土地的主人。它从根本上解放了农村生产力,为新中国的工业化开辟了道路。
NotFoundChannelException
未发现栏目,栏目或被删除
FreeMarker template error (DEBUG mode; use RETHROW in production!):
The following has evaluated to null or missing:
==> [in template "WEB-INF/t/cms/www/default/content/content_100_more.html" at line 58, column 37]
----
Tip: If the failing expression is known to be legally refer to something that's sometimes null or missing, either specify a default value like myOptionalVar!myDefault, or use [#if myOptionalVar??]when-present[#else]when-missing[/#if]. (These only cover the last step of the expression; to cover the whole expression, use parenthesis: (myOptionalVar.foo)!myDefault, (myOptionalVar.foo)??
----
----
FTL stack trace ("~" means nesting-related):
- Failed at: @cms_content_list channelId=tag_bean... [in template "WEB-INF/t/cms/www/default/content/content_100_more.html" at line 58, column 8]
- Reached through: @cms_channel id="163" [in template "WEB-INF/t/cms/www/default/content/content_100_more.html" at line 56, column 7]
----
Java stack trace (for programmers):
----
freemarker.core.InvalidReferenceException: [... Exception message was already printed; see it above ...]
at freemarker.core.InvalidReferenceException.getInstance(InvalidReferenceException.java:134)
at freemarker.core.UnexpectedTypeException.newDesciptionBuilder(UnexpectedTypeException.java:80)
at freemarker.core.UnexpectedTypeException.(UnexpectedTypeException.java:43)
at freemarker.core.NonHashException.(NonHashException.java:49)
at freemarker.core.Dot._eval(Dot.java:48)
at freemarker.core.Expression.eval(Expression.java:81)
at freemarker.core.UnifiedCall.accept(UnifiedCall.java:94)
at freemarker.core.Environment.visit(Environment.java:362)
at freemarker.core.Environment$NestedElementTemplateDirectiveBody.render(Environment.java:2727)
at com.westi.cms.action.directive.ChannelDirective.execute(ChannelDirective.java:87)
at freemarker.core.Environment.visit(Environment.java:426)
at freemarker.core.UnifiedCall.accept(UnifiedCall.java:101)
at freemarker.core.Environment.visit(Environment.java:326)
at freemarker.core.Environment.visit(Environment.java:332)
at freemarker.core.Environment.process(Environment.java:305)
at freemarker.template.Template.process(Template.java:384)
at com.westi.common.web.springmvc.SimpleFreeMarkerView.renderMergedTemplateModel(SimpleFreeMarkerView.java:114)
at org.springframework.web.servlet.view.AbstractTemplateView.renderMergedOutputModel(AbstractTemplateView.java:167)
at org.springframework.web.servlet.view.AbstractView.render(AbstractView.java:303)
at org.springframework.web.servlet.DispatcherServlet.render(DispatcherServlet.java:1257)
at org.springframework.web.servlet.DispatcherServlet.processDispatchResult(DispatcherServlet.java:1037)
at org.springframework.web.servlet.DispatcherServlet.doDispatch(DispatcherServlet.java:980)
at org.springframework.web.servlet.DispatcherServlet.doService(DispatcherServlet.java:897)
at org.springframework.web.servlet.FrameworkServlet.processRequest(FrameworkServlet.java:970)
at org.springframework.web.servlet.FrameworkServlet.doGet(FrameworkServlet.java:861)
at javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet.service(HttpServlet.java:621)
at org.springframework.web.servlet.FrameworkServlet.service(FrameworkServlet.java:846)
at javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet.service(HttpServlet.java:728)
at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.internalDoFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:303)
at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.doFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:208)
at org.apache.tomcat.websocket.server.WsFilter.doFilter(WsFilter.java:52)
at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.internalDoFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:241)
at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.doFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:208)
at com.westi.common.web.XssFilter.doFilter(XssFilter.java:42)
at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.internalDoFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:241)
at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.doFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:208)
at org.apache.shiro.web.servlet.ProxiedFilterChain.doFilter(ProxiedFilterChain.java:61)
at org.apache.shiro.web.servlet.AdviceFilter.executeChain(AdviceFilter.java:108)
at org.apache.shiro.web.servlet.AdviceFilter.doFilterInternal(AdviceFilter.java:137)
at org.apache.shiro.web.servlet.OncePerRequestFilter.doFilter(OncePerRequestFilter.java:154)
at org.apache.shiro.web.servlet.ProxiedFilterChain.doFilter(ProxiedFilterChain.java:66)
at org.apache.shiro.web.servlet.AbstractShiroFilter.executeChain(AbstractShiroFilter.java:458)
at org.apache.shiro.web.servlet.AbstractShiroFilter$1.call(AbstractShiroFilter.java:373)
at org.apache.shiro.subject.support.SubjectCallable.doCall(SubjectCallable.java:90)
at org.apache.shiro.subject.support.SubjectCallable.call(SubjectCallable.java:83)
at org.apache.shiro.subject.support.DelegatingSubject.execute(DelegatingSubject.java:387)
at org.apache.shiro.web.servlet.AbstractShiroFilter.doFilterInternal(AbstractShiroFilter.java:370)
at org.apache.shiro.web.servlet.OncePerRequestFilter.doFilter(OncePerRequestFilter.java:154)
at org.springframework.web.filter.DelegatingFilterProxy.invokeDelegate(DelegatingFilterProxy.java:346)
at org.springframework.web.filter.DelegatingFilterProxy.doFilter(DelegatingFilterProxy.java:262)
at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.internalDoFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:241)
at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.doFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:208)
at org.springframework.orm.hibernate4.support.OpenSessionInViewFilter.doFilterInternal(OpenSessionInViewFilter.java:151)
at org.springframework.web.filter.OncePerRequestFilter.doFilter(OncePerRequestFilter.java:107)
at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.internalDoFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:241)
at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.doFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:208)
at org.springframework.web.filter.CharacterEncodingFilter.doFilterInternal(CharacterEncodingFilter.java:197)
at org.springframework.web.filter.OncePerRequestFilter.doFilter(OncePerRequestFilter.java:107)
at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.internalDoFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:241)
at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.doFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:208)
at com.westi.common.web.ProcessTimeFilter.doFilter(ProcessTimeFilter.java:35)
at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.internalDoFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:241)
at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.doFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:208)
at org.apache.catalina.core.StandardWrapperValve.invoke(StandardWrapperValve.java:219)
at org.apache.catalina.core.StandardContextValve.invoke(StandardContextValve.java:110)
at org.apache.catalina.authenticator.AuthenticatorBase.invoke(AuthenticatorBase.java:492)
at org.apache.catalina.core.StandardHostValve.invoke(StandardHostValve.java:165)
at org.apache.catalina.valves.ErrorReportValve.invoke(ErrorReportValve.java:104)
at org.apache.catalina.valves.AccessLogValve.invoke(AccessLogValve.java:1025)
at org.apache.catalina.core.StandardEngineValve.invoke(StandardEngineValve.java:116)
at org.apache.catalina.connector.CoyoteAdapter.service(CoyoteAdapter.java:451)
at org.apache.coyote.http11.AbstractHttp11Processor.process(AbstractHttp11Processor.java:1201)
at org.apache.coyote.AbstractProtocol$AbstractConnectionHandler.process(AbstractProtocol.java:654)
at org.apache.tomcat.util.net.JIoEndpoint$SocketProcessor.run(JIoEndpoint.java:317)
at java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor.runWorker(ThreadPoolExecutor.java:1149)
at java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor$Worker.run(ThreadPoolExecutor.java:624)
at org.apache.tomcat.util.threads.TaskThread$WrappingRunnable.run(TaskThread.java:61)
at java.lang.Thread.run(Thread.java:748)