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《百炼成钢:中国共产党的100年》第四十八集 精兵之路

作者:武汉党史网管理员 发布时间:2021-05-21 来源:本站原创

  1981年9月,人民解放军在华北地区举行军事演习,代号802。这是一次规模空前的大演习,参演部队11万多人,出动飞机数百架,坦克、装甲车上千辆,火炮千余门。已经77岁的邓小平每场必看,但很少说话,只是看到演习高潮时鼓掌。他在思索着人民军队建设的方向和改革举措。

  演习结束后,举行了阅兵式。邓小平首次以军委主席的身份检阅部队,并发表讲话。他明确提出要建设一支强大的现代化正规化革命军队的总目标,为新时期军队建设指明了方向。

  改革开放以来,人民军队建设的国际国内环境也在发生变化,这支具有光荣传统和历史的军队将走什么样的发展道路?

  为应对可能发生的大规模侵略战争,从上世纪60年代开始,中国军队规模逐步扩大,最高达到600多万。在武器装备、编制体制、训练水平、作战手段等方面与发达国家的军队相比存在很大差距,也不适应现代战争要求,肿、散、骄、奢、惰成为制约军队发展的严重问题。

  改革势在必行,但到底该怎么改?1980年1月,邓小平就指出:“如果反霸权主义斗争搞得好,可以延缓战争的爆发,争取更长一点时间的和平。”未来反侵略战争究竟采取什么方针?在那段时间里,这个问题成为人民解放军统率机关和高级将领们讨论的热点。

  1980年10月,中央军委举行全军高级干部战略指导问题研讨会,邓小平在会上一锤定音:我赞成“积极防御”四个字。

  这一年,中央军委召开常委扩大会议,确定第一步先进行消肿,把数量减下来,人民解放军连续两次进行大规模精简整编,撤销炮兵、装甲兵、工程兵领导机构,撤销基建工程兵,铁道兵集体转业,裁减生产建设部队,剥离军队代管的地方行政部门,将总员额减到了400多万人。而新调整、新变化也随之而来。

  1983年,中国人民武装警察部队总部宣告成立;1986年,预备役部队正式列入人民解放军建制序列;上世纪八十年代,运载火箭、前射导弹和通信卫星研制工作展开。

  在这个会议室里曾经召开过许多次重要会议。1985年6月4日,中央军委在这里举行扩大会议。邓小平伸出一根指头,宣布减少军队员额一百万。

  这次会议通过了《军队体制改革、精简整编方案》,决定军队建设实行指导思想战略性重大转变,从准备早打、大打、打核战争的临战准备状态真正转入和平时期建设的轨道上来,充分利用大仗打不起来的这段和平时期,在服从国家经济建设大局的前提下,实行精兵政策,有计划、有步骤地进行以现代化为中心的根本建设,减少数量、提高质量,增强军队在现代条件下的作战能力。

  1985年下半年至1987年初,举世瞩目的百万大裁军基本完成。大批军官脱下军装告别军营,摘掉伴随他们青春律动的领章和帽徽。队列还是那么整齐划一,军姿还是那么挺拔严整,但是最后一个军礼却那样凝重。

  通过调整,大军区由原来的11个调整为7个,总参谋部、总政治部、总后勤部和各大军区机关精简近一半。1988年,开始新的军衔制度,建立文职干部制度。人民解放军在精兵、合成、高效方面前进了一大步,军队的正规化建设迈出新步伐。

  党的十一届三中全会后,国防和军队建设进入一个新的历史时期。人民解放军建设全面融入国家的改革发展,进入了全面改革的新时期。一批军事设施陆续改作民用,国防科技和民用科技开始走向融合,培养出大量军地两用人才,有力支援了国家经济建设。



 




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